Essay on The Great Gatsby - 1404 Words

Amidst the exceedingly prosperous decade of the 1920’s, traditional American lifestyles and principles were interjected by the new superficial and materialistic beliefs closely associated with â€Å"The Roaring Twenties.† Undoubtedly, the 1920’s were a decade of change. Deteriorating moralities and optimistic beliefs of overnight wealth replaced strict traditional views on religion, family structure, and work ethics. In an era of such high optimism, the pioneering spirit of the American Dream was revitalized. The nouveaux riches often clashed with the established wealth, as evident throughout F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald’s narrator, Nick Carraway, suddenly finds himself submerged in the paper-thin morals, and shallow†¦show more content†¦Fitzgerald creates a character, Daisy, who possesses shallow values, and worships nothing but money. â€Å"She likes the moving-picture actress because she has no substance . . . She virtually announces here [liking the actress] what her criteria of human emotions and conduct are.† (Bewley, 133) As Gatsby claims, â€Å"Her voice is full of money† (115) Daisy, who is the one of the most prominent characters in the novel, is merely an egotistical fool that Fit zgerald has created in order to portray the attitudes of the era. However, Daisy is only the first of a long list of superficial characters created by Fitzgerald. During the beginning of Chapter IV, Fitzgerald imposes a large and elaborately comprehensive list of guests attending Gatsby’s parties. He states, â€Å"All these people came to Gatsby’s house in the summer.† (62) Nevertheless, Fitzgerald later emphasizes the fact that these people were using Gatsby’s mansion merely for its hospitality, and for nothing else. This becomes evident when only a single person attending Gatsby’s parties arrived at his funeral. Through this, Fitzgerald reveals the lack of loyalty, and gratitude in the 1920’s, and ultimately, the superficiality of all the characters. Therefore, through his elaborately detailed selfish characters, Fitzgerald criticizes the shallowness and materialism so apparent during the 1920’s. Fitzgerald illustrates the corruption that accompanies power and wealth throughout the entirety of the novel. HeShow MoreRelated Great Gatsby1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby Nick is invited to one of Gatsby’s extravagant parties. He arrives only to find he doesn’t know where Gatsby is, and then he runs into Jordan Baker. Together they set off to find Gatsby and they head to the library where they find â€Å"Owl Eyes†, a drunken man trying to get sober. After talking to â€Å"Owl Eyes† for awhile they head outside again where Nick unknowingly starts a conversation with Gatsby. After revealing himself, Gatsby tells Jordan that he would like to speakRead MoreThe Great Gatsby1168 Words   |  5 Pagesone must be born into it. Therefore in The Great Gatsby, by F-Scott Fitzgerald, Gatsby fails to join the old money club because he exhibits his wealth to society. Gatsby possessions provides an indicator that he purchases items with eye appeal and flashiness which Old money typically never buys in order to impress or show off to others. They prefer to buy small non-noticeable items that skilled eyes will only know the true value of the merchandise. Gatsby on the other hand purchased a huge houseRead MoreThe Great Gatsby2449 Words   |  10 PagesI glanced seaward – and distinguished nothing except a single green light Possibly F. Scott Fitzgeralds masterpiece, The Great Gatsby is not just a magnificent story, but a lesson of societys flaws during the roaring 1920s. Fitzgeralds story creates an atmosphere of superficiality, dissatisfaction and dishonesty by the description of each character. With the economical growth, and the immoral society of the 1920’s ultimately brought corruption to desire of the American Dream and the chanceRead MoreThe Great Gatsby806 Words   |  3 Pagesthey smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money...and let other people clean up the mess they had made... (P. 179). During the 20s, many peoples American dream was to go out, party and be free, the roaring 20s. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is an explanation of how people acted. People went to parties, lived in luxurious homes, criticized each other, and wanted to achieve their dream by trying to live it. The Wilson marriage is a failure because its one-sidedRead MoreThe Grea t Gatsby647 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand the book. Endings of books are usually there to bring the novel to a close and deliver a life lesson at the end. All of the concepts and themes are in the body of the book and are well presented depending on the author. In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the American Dream was the theme that was presented, and according to the story it is unachievable and just an infant fantasy that America portrays. While reading the story, the characters’ views on how their interpretation of the American DreamRead MoreThe Great Gatsby607 Words   |  2 Pagesby the name of Jay Gatsby. Nick is the narrator who is sees a different side of Gatsby that sees him â€Å"great† aside from his wealth and corruption. Nick grew up in the Jazz age and it was replaced with the vitality, and favor of the artificial American dream. Gatsby’s life was full of winnings along with failures that followed him into death throughout the novel; never the less he achieves a form of â€Å"greatness† because of his morality in Nick’s perspective. In The Great Gatsby, Nick’s perspectiveRead MoreGreat Gatsby5612 Words   |  23 PagesThe Great Gatsby – Study Guide Chapter 1 1. Why is Nick Carraway made the narrator? The device of giving Nick the function of narrator lends psychic distance from the story. Nick is part of the action, yet he is not one of the principals. He shares some of the emotions and is in a position to interpret those of the others. However, the happens are not center on him. 2. What kind of relationship exists between Nick and the Buchanans? It is completely superficial. He speaks of themRead MoreThe Great Gatsby 565 Words   |  2 PagesIn the book The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Daisy Buchanan is a perplexing character. She is charming and pretty, yet her personality is almost robotic. Daisy has no sincere emotions; she only knows social graces and self-preservation. A materialistic society makes Daisy a jaded person who lacks any real depth. Gatsby remembers Daisy as the pretty girl from North Dakota he fell in love with when he was in the military. He soon sees that she is different, although he denies it, even toRead MoreNarratology in The Great Gatsby1308 Words   |  6 PagesFitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby demonstrates what Marie-Laure Ryan, H. Porter Abbott and David Herman state about what narratology should be. These theorists emphasize the importance of conflict, human experience, gaps and consciousness, among many other elements, in order for a story to be considered a narrative. The Great Gatsby shows these elements throughout the book in an essential way. This makes the reader become intrigued and desperate to know what will happen next. The Great Gatsby is unpredictableRead MoreModernism In The Great Gatsby1728 Words   |  7 Pages Modernism in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows the story of Jay Gatsby in the Jazz Age of the United States. Although this novel tells a fictional tale, it also gives readers a window into the social and economic environment of America in the time period following World War I. For this reason, The Great Gatsby is considered one of the most important examples of Modernism in American literature. The Modernist themes in this novel come

Research on The Black Death Essay - 1037 Words

Imagine the world as it is. There are many people living on the planet at a given time. Now imagine that out of the estimated 7 billion people on earth, about 4,200,000,000 people were suddenly eradicated because of a disease infesting just a part of the world. No, it isnt a scene or plot from a horror movie, this horrible reality is actually fact and has already happened in the distant past. I am talking, of course, of the Black Death of Europe. The Black Death or as its also known as â€Å"Bubonic Plague†, was a serious pandemic that infected Europe and nearly wiped out 60% of its population during its 2 year spread all across Europe. A rough estimate of about 60-200 million people were claimed as victims of The Black Death. At the time,†¦show more content†¦Sometimes, like most explanations back then, it was the work of God and punishment afflicted upon Europe for whatever reasons of the time. For these people, the only cure was to be somehow forgiven by God. This was usually done by people carving or painting the symbol of the cross on the front doors of their house with the words â€Å"Lord have mercy on us† either near it or on it. Another great contributor to the destruction of the Black Death was the Great Fire of London which helped eradicate most of the rats that carried the disease and wiping out most of the people with the disease. The plague actually repeatedly continued to remain in Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the centuries. The major occurences of the plague happened around the year 1346 and 1671. The Second Pandemic Black Death was pretty active in the years 1360 and 1667. All of Europe was ravaged and it impacted Europe so devastatingly that it took 150 years for the population of Europe to be fully recovered. Quarantining people was another way of combating the plague in ancient times. Taking anti-bio tics was advised was advised in case you came into contact with a victim of the disease. In early 2011 it was discovered that the bacteria Yersinia Pestis was actually the culprit for one of the most devastating pandemics ever to surface in the world. WhileShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper Proposal: The Black Death1171 Words   |  5 Pages The anticipated research paper will be taking into consideration the perspectives of the individuals that lived and died as a result of the Black Death, specifically from the year 1348 CE – 1350 CE and in the better known parts of the world during that period, the reactions, preventative measure that were taken to combat the plague, the religious and governmental response. In the collection of primary sources amassed by John Aberth in The Black Death, 1348-1350: the great mortality of 1348-1350Read MoreThe Black Death : Research Due Friday 161707 Words   |  7 PagesThe Black Death Research due Friday 16 Oct Focus Questions Origin †¢ Where did the black death originate o Where was the first known case of the black death †¢ Were there any other milder cases of the black death before the pandemic †¢ What were the other theories as to the origins of the black death Symptoms †¢ What were the symptoms of the black death o What effect did this have on people in medieval times ï‚ § What mental impact did this have on the people seeing the infected †¢ Why were there three formsRead MoreThe Black Death : A Widespread Disease1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Death was a catastrophic pandemic - a widespread disease, which spread over western Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe between the years 1346-1353. Playing an important role in history; a time known to have devastating effects and significant losses of population causing demographic impacts throughout the continents. Europe saw populations exponentially decline due to mortality rates during the outbreak. The Black Death killed tens of millions of people in Europe, this overallRead MoreIs It A Human Incubator For Viruses?968 Words   |  4 Pagesvaccinations were a requirement before a child could go to school to prevent any spread of illness. Practices like this and many other things in health gives the world less of a chance for a worldwide epidemic with equal or more severity of the Black Death to happen. The available access to medical assistance and h ygiene, advancement in medicine, and all the information help with preventing that from occurring. The world in the 1300s did not have these type of luxuries like the 21st century had toRead MoreThe Fight For Freedom And Equality904 Words   |  4 Pagesextremely hot topics regarding race relations in The United States of America. These three events are the deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and the recent passing of Freddie Gray. These three deaths, all involving death by police officer, have sparked controversy and protest all across the country with people pleading for equality. Conservatives argue that it is not racism that is sparking these deaths, but in most cases it is the outcome of police officers that are trying to apprehend criminals whileRead MoreBubonic Plague1154 Words   |  5 Pages Your bubonic plague research paper would revolve around the premise of it being a deadly disease, but we assure you that we won’t scare you by the facts. Bubonic plague is ty pically differentiated from other infections because of its roots in the bacteria, Yersinia pestis or Pastuerella pestis. The bacteria typically infects the spleen, lungs, kidneys and brain. It is spread by virtue of rats and fleas. The staff at ProfEssays.com could as Help with Bubonic Plague Research Paperwell spell out someRead MoreBlack Death And The Black Plague1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Death, also known as the Black Plague, was one of the most deadliest diseases of all time. This disease came to Europe around 1347 C.E, by merchants from East Asia. The Black Plague then spread all across Europe, and killed over 25,000,000 people. The Black Death had its effect on many things. The peasant and noble differentiation was realized to be bogus, the belief in religious authorities came under question, and poor people actually benefited from the Black Death. After the epidemicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Documentary 13th, By Ava Duvernay1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe title repr esents the 13th amendment of the United States Constitution stating the abolishment of slavery. The target audience of this movie is the federal system, black communities, and the modern society. This movie seems to coincide with the Black Lives Matter movement that stormed the country in 2015 after the death of black males at the hands of police officers. Mass incarceration across the United States makes up a Majority of the movie. DuVernay bases the movie of the narrative that thereRead MoreThe Dignity Of Black Americans1701 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Essay Draft The dignity of Black Americans is being taken away by the same people who are getting paid by American tax dollars, to protect and serve. Because of this rash of recent deaths, Black Americas have started an initiative to ban together to fight the racial injustice in this country. Black Lives Matter is an organization of American activist who created a grassroots movement to abolish the degradation and demonization of Blacks Americans. This movement formed after the shootingRead MoreThe Black Death Of The Bubonic Plague1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe research topic I have chosen to do my paper on is the â€Å"Black Death† which is also referred to as â€Å"the bubonic plague†. Medieval people also referred to it as â€Å"the blue sickness†, â€Å"pestilence† and â€Å"the Great Mortality†. The Black Death was an epidemic from 1343 – 1353, it came to Europe via trading ships after a long journey through the Black Sea. The plague originated i n Eastern Asia and worked its way via the trade ships into Western, Europe. The vessels were crammed full of rats and fleas

Dave Brubeck free essay sample

The late Dave Brubeck left behind a legacy as a jazz pianist, composer, bandleader, husband, and father. He wrote everything that ranged from opera and ballet, to a contemporary mass. Brubeck was well known for experimenting with time signatures unusual to the traditional jazz sound. The uneven meters, along with the incorporation of all kinds of different rhythms in his music, is how he captivated the attention of younger listeners. The significance of Brubeck in the history of jazz is unambiguous. The Dave Brubeck Quartet helped spark an obscure interest in Jazz after World War II, and was a fundamental part of the â€Å"West Coast Cool Jazz† style of music that jazz in the fifties and sixties would be known for. David Warren Brubeck, born on December 6, 1920 in Concord, California, â€Å"was one of Jazz’s first pop stars. †(Brown) In his younger years, his mother Elizabeth played an immense role in the conditioning of his music career. We will write a custom essay sample on Dave Brubeck or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His two older brothers were musicians and Brubeck himself would eventually be playing at weekend dances by the age of fourteen. His schedule was from nine at night to as late as four in the morning. The strenuousness of it caused him to find playing unappealing, and he pursued his dream of being a rancher. His family had moved to a ranch in Ione, California when he was eleven, so he knew how things on the ranch worked. By the time he was eighteen, though reluctant to leave, he attended The College of Pacific in Stockton, California with the intent to study to become a veterinarian and return to the ranch. After only a year, he decided to change his major to music. While in still enrolled in college he, along with a man by the name of Darius Milhaud, whom Brubeck’s first son would eventually be named after, led a twelve piece band. By 1942, he met his wife Iola Whitlock and graduated that year with a degree in music. Immediately following, he enlisted in the Army. In 1944, Brubeck was sent to Europe, however, he never actually fought, but played for troops because of his musical aptness. â€Å"He traveled to the front lines, but armed with a piano instead of a weapon. †(Taylor) By the time he was twenty five years old Dave Brubeck was finished serving in the Army and went back to school, this time attending Mills College on a G. I Bill Scholarship where he reconnected with Milhaud. The two founded the experimental Jazz Workshop Ensemble, and in 1949 it would record as the Dave Brubeck Octet. This was a crucial start to his music career. Later on in the year of 1949 The Dave Brubeck Trio was organized with band members Ron Crotty and Cal Tjader. The trio came to an end before it began due to a neck injury that ended the career of Brubeck for at least six months. Brubeck returned to playing in 1951 with the creation of The Dave Brubeck Quartet. The quartet was comprised of Joe Morello, Paul Desmond (whom Brubeck met while in the Army), and Gene Wright. By 1952 it was categorized as one of Jazz’s greatest combinations. They signed with Fantasy Records in 1953 and released their first album, Jazz at Oberlin. The following year, David Brubeck was featured on the cover of Time magazine. He was only the second jazz artist to be on the cover. The quartet later signed with Columbia Records and began the experimentation with time signatures. The result was the album Time Out. The Dave Brubeck Quartet disbanded in 1967 and only regrouped once in 1976 for the twenty fifth anniversary. Though the quartet came to an end, Brubeck’s career did not. After the breakup of the quartet, Brubeck spent much of his time with his wife, and five children. He did however stick with music. He went on to write at least an oratorio, four cantatas, a contemporary mass, and two ballets. That only lasted a year because in 1968 he created another quartet with Gerry Mulligan and his sons. The late seventies arrived and he was still composing, touring, and performing. In the year 1999, he was named a â€Å"Jazz Master† by the National Endowment for the Arts. Ten years later, he received a Kennedy Center Honor for his contributions to the American Culture. Also in 2009, his son Michael passed away and many health problems began to arise. Brubeck underwent heart surgery in 2010 at the age of ninety but was up and performing again a month later. On Wednesday, December 5th 2012, David Warren Brubeck died. He passed on, one day before his ninety second birthday. The Jazz Legend may be gone, but he left behind four sons, a daughter, his wife, ten grandchildren, four great grandchildren, and music that will outlive everyone.

Hurricanes a

Hurricanes a-level Essay The Caribbean region and the South Eastern United States of America are regularly subjected to the impact of tropical hurricanes;(A)Briefly outline characteristics of such hurricanes. The hurricanes that occur over the Caribbean region and the United States of America usually eventuate between August and October. For these hurricanes to occur the surrounding ocean temperatures must be minimal, also there must be a prolonged spell of equable temperature, pressure and humidity in the lower troposphere in conjunction with anti-cyclonic conditions in the upper troposphere. These conditions cause intense low pressure and strong winds at the earth’s surface. For their to be enough energy for the hurricane to move, it is essential that there is a considerable source of heat. This is necessary to maintain a consistent supply of rising air in the form of currents. There needs to be a large supply of moisture, as it is necessary for condensation to take place in order to release latent heat and it is the latent heat that initiates the development of the storm and consequently produces heavy rainfall. When the hurricane reaches its maturity an eye develops in the centre, in the eye there is a relative area of subsiding pressure. Which is what causes clear skies, anomalous high temperatures and light winds. Eventually the eye disappears as a result of the descending air increasing instability, which in turn warms and increases the storms intensity. Around the eye there are towering Cumulo-nimbus clouds. The hurricanes decline as soon as the source of heat is lost/or removed. Although it can take between 9 and 15 days for this to happen. Winds immediately around a hurricane’s ‘eye’, which is usually about 32km (20 miles) across, reach more than 300 km/h (190 mph). But in the eye itself seen in the centre of the spiral-the weather is clear and calm. (B)Identify the various types of damage caused by the passage of these hurricanesCATEGORY 1 Winds 118-152 Km/hour (64-82 Knots). Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, poorly constructed signs, and unanchored mobile hom es. No significant damage to other structures. Storm surge 1-1.5m above tide. Low lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed anchorages torn from moorings. CATEGORY 2Winds 154-176 Km/hour (83-95 Knots). Considerable damage to shrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown down. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Major damage to exposed mobile home. Some damage to exposed mobile homes. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. No major damage to buildings. Storm surge 2-2.5m above normal tide. Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes made impassable by rising water 2-4 hours before arrival of hurricane centre. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evactuation of some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas required. CATEGORY 3Winds 178-209 Km/hour (96-113 Knots). Foliage torn from trees; large trees blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. Some structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. Storm surge 2.5-3.5m above normal tide. Serious flooding at coast and many small structures near coast destroyed; large structures near coast damaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes made impassable by rising water 3-5 hours before hurricane centre arrives. Flat terrain 1.5m or less above sea level flooded inland 13km or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences within several blocks of shoreline possibly required. CATEGORY 4Winds 211-250 Km/hour (114-135 Knots). Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs blown down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many smaller residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge 4-.5.5m above normal tide. Flat terrain 3m or less above sea level flooded inland as far 11km. Major damage to lower floors of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves and floating debris. Low lying escape routes made impassable by waters within 3-5 hours before hurricane centre arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Massive evacuation of all residences within 500m of shore possibly required, and of single-storey residences on low ground within 3 km of shore. CATEGORY 5Winds greater than 250km/hour (135 knots). Shrubs and trees blown down; considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all sign down. Very severe and extensive damage to windows and doors with extensive shattering of glass components. Complete failur e of roofs on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 , .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 .postImageUrl , .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 , .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7:hover , .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7:visited , .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7:active { border:0!important; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7:active , .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7 .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6dc7ee40c5846295a2bb35df703dded7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Three Reasons Against Gun Control EssayStorm surge greater than 5.5m above normal tide. Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than 4.5m above sea level within 500m of shore. Low lying escape routes made impassable by rising water 3-5 hours before hurricane centre arrives. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 8-16km of shore possibly required. (C)Suggest ways in which the destructive effects of hurricanes might be minimilised. Higher standard of building, more modern durable materials as opposed to older weaker types. Better informed governments, educate governments on methods of prediction, prevention, and techniques on how to distribute aid to affected areas. Make available radar equipment and set-up/ develop metrological intelligence within a government/state etc. Eradicate threat of tidal surges. Concentrate expenditures on countries situated on the tropical cyclone belt. Plan rescue services for most efficient evacuation techniques etc.

(Global System for Mobile Communications Essays

(Global System for Mobile Communications Essays (Global System for Mobile Communications Essay (Global System for Mobile Communications Essay GSM Architecture of the GSM System GSM-elements interfaces System Architecture: Radio Subsystem Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Station (MS) Block Diagram of BTS with TRX Block Diagram of BTS Contd. Transmitter/Receiver Module – The TRX consists of a low-frequency part for digital signal processing and a high-frequency part for GMSK modulation and demodulation. The operations and maintenance (OM) module – connected directly to the BSC by means of a specifically assigned OM channel. That allows the OM module to process the commands from the BSC or the MSC directly into the BTS and to report the results – OM module provides a human-machine interface (HMI), which allows for local control of the BTS. BTS BSC Block Diagram of BSC BSC Contd†¦. Terminal Control Elements (TCEs) – Abis-Interface Terminal Control Elements Abis-TCEs are to set up LAPD connections toward the BTS peers, the transfer of signaling data, and last- but not lea st- the transparent transfer of payload. – A-Interface Terminal Control Elements The connection of a BSC to the MSC is established via the A-TCEs. A-TCEs is setting up and operating the SS7/SCCP connection toward the MSC. BSC Contd†¦. Database (DB) – maintenance status of the whole BSS, the quality of the radio resources and terrestrial resources, and so on are dynamically administrated – BSC database contains the complete BTS operations software for all attached BTSs and all BSS specific information,such as assigned frequencies. BSC Contd†¦. Central Module – One of the major tasks of the BSC is to decide when a handover should take place. The BSC may decide on intra-BTS handover and intraBSC handover without needing the MSC. In contrast, for all BSC external handovers, the BSC needs to involve the MSC. – Handover decision and power control are main tasks of the central module. Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU) The task of the TRAU is to compress or decompress speech between the MS and the TRAU. – called regular pulse excitation–long term prediction (RPE-LTP) It is able to compress speech from 64 Kbps to 16 Kbps – Fullrate channel (net bit rate with fullrate is 13 Kbps) and to 8 Kbps in the case of a halfrate channel (net bit rate with halfrate is 6. Kbps) Possible Sites for TRAU System Architecture: Network and Switching Subsystem Home Location Register (HLR) Home Location Register manages the mobile subscribers database which stores – subscriber information – part of the mobile location information – International Mobile subscriber Identity – Mobile station ISDN Number It is the subscriber number commonly used – VLR address Vis itor Location Register (VLR) Dynamically stores subscriber information, needed to handle incoming/outgoing calls, which includes, – Mobile Station Roaming Number When a roaming mobile enters an MSC area. This MSC warns the associated VLR of this situation; the mobile enters a registration procedure through which it is assigned a mobile subscriber roaming number (MSRN) – Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity, if applicable – The location area in which the mobile has been registered – Data related to supplementary service parameters MSC VLR MSC G-MSC The NSS hierarchy The NSS AUC/EIR Authentication Center(s) (AUC) – Providing the authentication key used for authorizing the subscriber access to the associated GSM PLMN. Equipment Identity Register(s) (EIR) – Handling Mobile Station Equipment Identity Equipment Identity Register(s) (EIR) White list: contains all the approved types of mobile stations Black list: contains those IMEIs known to be stolen or to be barred for technical reasons Gray list: allows tracing of the related mobile stations Numbering Arrangement in GSM International Mobile Subscriber Identification number (IMSI) It identifies a unique international universal number of a mobile subscriber, which consists of MCC+MNC+MSIN. ) MCC: country code, 460 2)MNC: network code, 00 or 01 3)MSIN: subscriber identification, H1H2H3H4 9XXXXXX, H1H2H3H4: subscriber registering place H1H2: assigned by the PT Administrative Bureau (operator )to different provinces, to each province H3H4: assigned by each province/city the IMSI of user will be written into the SIM card by specific device and software and be stored into the HLR with other user information. Numbering Arrangement in GSM Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number(MSISDN) It is the subscriber number commonly used. China uses the TDMA independent numbering plan: CC+NDC+ H1H2H3H4 +ABC CC: country code, 86 NDC: network code, 135- 139, 130 H1H2H3H4: HLR identification code ABCD: mobile subscriber number inside each HLR Numbering Arrangement in GSM International Mobile Equipment Identification code (IMEI) It will uniquely identify a mobile station. It is a decimal number of 15 digits. Its structure is: TAC+FAC+SNR+SP TAC=model ratification code, 6 digits FAC=factory assembling code, 2 digits SNR=sequence code, 6 digits SP=reserved, 1 digit Numbering Arrangement in GSM Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN) The MSRN is temporarily distributed to the subscriber by the VLR according to the request by the HLR when this subscriber is called. The MSRN is released and can be assigned to other subscriber later. CC + NDC + 00 + M1M2M3 + ABC CC: country code, 86 NDC: mobile network code, 135- 139, 130 M1M2: same as the H2H3 of MSISDN ABC: 000 999 Numbering Arrangement in GSM Temporarily Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (TMSI) To insure the IMSI security, the VLR will assign an unique TMSI number for the accessed subscriber. It is used locally only and is a 4 GSM Mapping Example (DL) GSM Mapping Example (UL) Air Interface Protocols Air Interface Protocols Air Interface Protocols Block diagram of the base scenarios

Why the Spanish Verb Estar Is Used With Muerto

Why the Spanish Verb Estar Is Used With Muerto Finding the reason why estar is used instead of ser in sentences like mi padre est muerto is probably to be found somewhere in the history of the Spanish language rather than in any logical application of the rules of grammar. To the native Spanish speaker, ser and estar are two separate verbs, seldom interchangeable. But because they can both be translated as to be, they have been the source of confusion over the years to English speakers learning Spanish as a second language. Estar vs. Ser If grammar were only a matter of following rules, one could make good arguments for using either ser or estar. Rather than list opposing arguments (which would probably serve more to confuse than anything else), here are two related rules that make a good case for using estar. First is that when a form of ser is followed by a past participle, it generally refers to the process of a verbs action taking place, while estar followed by a participle generally refers to a completed action. For example, in los coches fueron rotos por los estudiantes (the cars were broken by the students), fueron rotos passively refers to the action of the cars being broken. But in los coches estaban rotos (the cars were broken), the cars had previously been broken. Similarly, the use of estar generally suggests there has been a change. For example, tà º eres feliz (you are happy) suggests the person is by nature happy, while tà º ests feliz (you are happy) suggests that the persons happiness represents a change from a previous state. Following either of these guidelines for choosing the right to be would result in the use of a form of estar in a sentence such as Mi padre est muerto. One might also come up with arguments for using ser, and ser is often the choice incorrectly made by beginning Spanish students. But the fact is that estar is used with muerto, and it is also used with vivo (alive): Mi padre est muerto; mi madre est viva. (My father is dead; my mother is alive.) All logic aside, the indisputable rule that estar is the verb of choice with muerto is just something youll have to remember. Thats just the way it is. And after a while, estar is the verb that will sound right.

American Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

American Foreign Policy - Essay Example A global hegemony cannot be decided based on public opinion. What matters is international legitimacy which comes from global coalition of willing nations. This is something which US continues to gain ground in thus proving that it is not in a decline. The US has taken the international community as a whole. However, it is worth pointing out that some of this has taken place in a rather begrudging manner. Its position as the world’s super power will only start to decline when the allegiances to the nation break down. America still wields influence, leadership and persuasion in the international stage just as it did decades ago. One clear illustration of this strong influence is its ability to set international laws and at the same time be able to ignore them as it is accountable to no other state in the world. Military power has always been an integral part of hegemony (Jerel and Scott 2014, 60). This was quite evident during the World War period where nations which had the strongest military wielded so much global power in terms of political economy and relations. USSR and the USA were leading in this. Military power depends entirely on economic resources which are at the disposal of the state. It is something which the US has making it the nation with perhaps the most sophisticated military. The US is still moving in a path of progressive and democratic governance. It recognizes the freedom of the press, religion, association and expression. This has earned it legitimate allies that look at the nation as a role model. Despite the fact that it is no saint when it comes to these governance issues, it has a legitimate team of allies that allow dictating stability and global shifts in terms of relations. Arguments have been put across that the growth of economies in certain world countries like China is causing a decline in US influence in global policies. However, this is not true as the economic growth in other nations will